商业牧仔猪断奶一般在三四个星期的年龄之间经济上的原因，这是更早，更突然会出现比自然条件下（半）。
许多仔猪断奶前固体食物没有经验，导致断奶后的食物摄入量和低增长。
新断奶仔猪往往也表明由于食物摄入量低和高应力水平在断奶断奶后腹泻和适应不良行为的高发病率，从而降低了健康和福利。
本研究的目的是探讨是否提供仔猪从他们的母亲有更多的机会去学习什么，如何以及在哪里吃，可以增加食物的摄入量之前，因此断奶后能减少断奶后的健康和福利问题。
年轻动物学会从经验丰富的同种什么，怎么吃。
这种社会学习也可能是重要的仔猪，当有机会时，将按照仔猪的母猪，而她正在寻找食物和进食。
在养猪业中，但是，从母猪的学习机会都非常有限，往往局限于整个哺乳期母猪，仔猪比在一个人迹罕至，提出槽饲喂不同的饲料。
母猪和仔猪也大多坐落在比较贫瘠，刺激贫乏的钢笔。
三种途径的学习，也许可以改善目前生猪饲养已经选择进行审查：?直接通过线索来自观察学习从母猪一起吃
?一个丰富的环境中学习，
?学习风味线索，在产妇的饮食
从母猪的直接学习
可能刺激发展提供更多的机会直接学习母猪的仔猪断奶前喂养和社会的行为，这可能会导致在一个较高的食物摄入量，从而导致断奶后在一个较高的食物摄入量。
仔猪和母猪提供一个丰富的环境，可能会增加，仔猪从母猪收购，因为母猪的行为，可以显示更多的信息量。
丰富
富集也可以提供实践的机会的行为，并富集在生命的早期，可能会增加适应能力紧张的情况下，如突然断奶仔猪。
一项实验研究的影响越来越多的机会，直接从母猪和丰富的环境中学习。
仔猪饲养母猪密闭或松动安置在一片荒芜或在一个丰富的环境（秸秆，木屑，泥炭及分行）。
仔猪可以一起吃的母猪在一个家庭中馈线，如果母猪松散安置。
断奶后每胎产仔的一半被安置在一个贫瘠的丰富笔笔和半。
贫瘠，丰富安置松动安置母猪仔猪面临一种新的食物测试，无论是与他们的母亲存在或不存在。
能与母亲一起吃新型食品，导致在一个较低的不愿接近，吃新型食品摄入量较高。
仔猪丰富的环境已经不太舍不得吃新型食品，不管他们的母亲是否存在与否，也有较高的食物摄入量。
能一起吃母猪饲养在丰富的环境中喂养相关的行为和在家里笔增长也有积极的影响。
哺乳笔富集在断奶后食物的摄入量也有积极的影响，这表明，断奶前的富集可以有助于刺激仔猪早期食物摄入量。
作为一个松散的安置母猪断奶后，母猪适应行为的发展是很重要的正面影响行为饲养。
断奶仔猪浓缩断奶后有深远的正面影响：较高的增长在断奶后的两周内，一个深刻的腹泻发病率较低和较高的饲料效率。
仔猪也表现出更多的发挥和丰富的笔时，住在断奶后的破坏性行为较少。
这些富集的积极影响可能是由于压力水平下降或增加肠道健康。
断奶前和断奶后的富集也互相交流：丰富的哺乳栏饲养在一片荒芜笔断奶后的仔猪表现出较低的性能，更具破坏性的行为和低级别的比赛，在断奶后的头两个星期，因此，如果富集断奶前重要的是还提供断奶后。
富集前和断奶后的环境，并能一起吃母猪从而提高性能，健康和福利刚断奶pigs.There的许多学习过程中一起吃，似乎是重要的：观察母亲做什么，参与，学习母亲吃的食物种类，食物和学习有关的位置。
比暴露的食物不能够学习从母猪的仔猪从母猪的学习更有效。
观察或参与的母猪，而她吃的都是有效刺激仔猪食物摄入量，并建立母猪所吃的食物的偏好。
仔猪使用信息的位置，那里的食物，但母猪吃的食物类型信息的先后次序。
这表明，重要的是让母猪和小猪
一起吃，但特别是提供母猪和仔猪具有相同的食物。
味线索
进一步强调学习的重要性匹配母猪和仔猪的食物，至少在风味上的实验味道的结果。
年轻的动物可以学习在母亲的饮食口味，从而提高识别，左右断奶食物中含有这些口味喜好和接受。
通过母亲的饮食暴露茴香味在第一个实验中仔猪在出生前，在哺乳期，或从来没有，才断奶。
仔猪在出生前暴露的味道在出生后几个行为测试确认的味道，也看到了盒子“门偏好测试”。
在测试中发现，引出一个适度的应激反应最明显的对行为的影响，这表明仅仅存在一个熟悉的味道可能会减轻压力。
仔猪断奶后，控制食品和调味食品，，仔猪通过产妇的饮食暴露的味道，并没有表现出偏好味食品。
产前暴露仔猪，然而，显示较高的食物摄入量，减少腹泻和破坏性行为较少。
在研究中，使用各种标准的亲属关系证明 - 如效果测定延迟吃饭，玩耍行为，操纵和发声。
良好的结果时指出，类似的味道从断奶前四周 - 例如，当它在空中。
，失去了重量大大减少仔猪在断奶后的前三天。
缺乏偏爱的风味，从断奶前的行为测试的结果一起表明其作用是可在断奶时，由于压力降低，熟悉的味道的存在下引起的。
仔猪出生前后暴露茴香味通过产妇的饮食，或从未提供断奶后在空气中或食物中的茴香味。
断奶后，仔猪暴露的味道表现出较低的皮质醇水平，增长变化少，破坏性行为较少，更多的游戏行为和发声少，所有的指标减少压力。
它没有问题的风味是否存在于食品或仅在空气中，特别重要的是减少断奶应激熟悉的味道，气味的。
信息
总之，从母猪的信息独立喂养的发展中起着至关重要的作用，减少断奶相关问题。
目前，仔猪不具备足够的机会去学习从母猪，哺乳母猪和仔猪的钢笔和食品可以改善创造机会一起吃饭和吃同样的食物，哺乳期间的母猪和仔猪。
富集可以提供前和断奶后的固体食物的摄入量，以进一步刺激发展。
通过浓缩和减轻压力，提供母猪的饮食风味，将进一步确保刚断奶的仔猪表现有所改善，健康和福利。Day in and day out, many pig producers around the world breed their pigs, wean them and grow them to slaughter age.In order to do so, the animals need to receive sufficient amounts of feed from a young age onwards.But how do the pigs learn how and what to eat?Learn how to eat like a pig – and pigs will be better understood, concluded Dr Marije Oostindjer, WUR, in her PhD study.
Piglets in commercial husbandry are generally weaned between three and four weeks of age for economic reasons, which is earlier and more abrupt than would occur under (semi-)natural conditions.Many piglets have no experience with solid food before weaning, resulting in low food intake and growth after weaning.Newly weaned piglets often also show a high incidence of diarrhoea and maladaptive behaviours after weaning due to the low food intake and high stress levels at weaning and thus reduced health and welfare. The aim of this research was to explore whether providing piglets with more opportunities to learn from their mother about what, how and where to eat can increase food intake before and after weaning and consequently can reduce health and welfare problems after weaning.Young animals learn from experienced conspecifics what, where and how to eat.This social learning may also be important for piglets and when given the opportunity, piglets would follow the sow while she is searching for food and eating.In pig husbandry, however, the opportunities to learn from the sow are very limited as the sow is often confined throughout lactation, fed a different feed than the piglets in an inaccessible, raised trough.Sows and piglets are also mostly housed in rather barren, stimulus-poor pens.Three pathways of learning that could probably be improved in current pig husbandry have been chosen for review:? Direct learning from the sow through cues derived from observation and eating together ? Learning in an enriched environment and ? Learning from flavour cues in the maternal diet Direct learning from the sow Providing piglets with more opportunities to directly learn from the sow may stimulate the development of feeding related and social behaviours, which may result in a higher food intake before weaning and consequently result in a higher food intake after weaning.Providing piglets and sow with an enriched environment may increase the amount of information that piglets can acquire from the sow because the sow can show more behaviours. Enrichment Enrichment may also provide piglets with the opportunity to practise behaviours, and enrichment in early in life may increase the ability to adapt to stressful situations, such as being weaned abruptly.An experiment investigated effects of increased opportunities to directly learn from the sow and an enriched environment.Piglets were reared with a confined or loose-housed sow in a barren or in an enriched (straw, wood shavings, peat and branches) environment.Piglets could eat together with the sow in a family feeder if the sow was loose-housed.After weaning half of each litter was housed in a barren pen and half in an enriched pen. The barren and enriched housed piglets from the loose-housed sows were exposed to a novel food test either with their mother present or absent.Being able to eat novel foods together with the mother resulted in a lower reluctance to approach and eat the novel food and a higher intake.Piglets from an enriched environment were already less reluctant to eat the novel food, regardless of whether their mother was present or not, and also had a higher food intake.Being able to eat together with the sow and being reared in an enriched environment also had positive effects on feeding-related behaviours and growth in the home pen.Enrichment of the lactation pen also had positive effects on postweaning food intake, indicating that preweaning enrichment can help to stimulate early food intake in piglets.Being reared with a loose-housed sow had positive effects on behaviour postweaning, suggesting that the sow is important in the development of adaptive behaviour.Postweaning enrichment had profound positive effects after weaning: a higher growth in the two weeks after weaning, a profoundly lower diarrhoea prevalence and a higher feed efficiency.Piglets also showed more play and less damaging behaviours postweaning when housed in an enriched pen. These positive effects of enrichment may be due to decreased stress levels or increased gut health.Preweaning and postweaning enrichment did interact with each other: piglets from an enriched lactation pen housed in a barren pen postweaning showed a lower performance, more damaging behaviour and low levels of play in the first two weeks postweaning, so if enrichment is provided before weaning it is important to also provide it after weaning.Enrichment of the pre- and postweaning environment, and being able to eat together with the sow thus seems important in improving performance, health and welfare of newly weaned pigs.There are many learning processes involved in eating together: observing what the mother does, participating, learning about the location of the food and learning about the type of food that the mother eats.Learning from the sow is more effective than exposing piglets to the food without being able to learn from the sow.Observing or participating with the sow while she is eating were both effective in stimulating piglet food intake and in establishing a preference for the food eaten by the sow.Piglets use information about the location where the food was present, but prioritise information about the type of food that the sow eats.This indicates that it is important to let sow and piglets eat together, but particularly to provide sow and piglets with the same food. Flavour cues The results from the experiments on flavour learning further stress the importance of matching sow and piglet food, at least in flavour.Young animals can learn from flavours in the maternal diet, which enhances recognition, preference and acceptance of foods containing these flavours around weaning.In a first experiment piglets were exposed to anise flavour through the maternal diet before birth, during lactation, both, or never, before weaning.Piglets that were exposed to the flavour before birth recognised the flavour after birth in several behavioural tests, also see box 'The Gate Preference Test'. The clearest effects on behaviour were found in tests eliciting a moderate stress response, suggesting that the mere presence of a familiar flavour may reduce stress.Piglets were provided with control food and flavoured food after weaning, and piglets that were exposed to the flavour through the maternal diet did not show a preference for the flavoured food.Prenatally exposed piglets did, however, show a higher food intake, less diarrhoea and less damaging behaviours. In the research, various criteria were used to prove this relationship – eg the effect was measured on latency to eat, play behaviour, manipulating and vocalisations.Good results were noted when a similar flavour from preweaning was around – eg when it was in the air.There, considerably fewer piglets lost weight in the first three days post-weaning. The lack of preference for the flavour, together with the results from the preweaning behavioural tests suggest that the effects were due to reduced stress at weaning, caused by the presence of the familiar flavour.Piglets exposed to anise flavour through the maternal diet both before and after birth, or never, were provided with the anise flavour in the air or in the food after weaning.Piglets exposed to the flavour showed lower levels of cortisol after weaning, less variation in growth, less damaging behaviours, more play behaviour and less vocalisations, all indicative of reduced stress.It did not matter whether the flavour was present in the food or only in the air, suggesting it is particularly the odour of the familiar flavour that is important in reducing weaning stress. Information In conclusion, information from the sow plays a critical role in the development of independent feeding and reducing weaning-related problems.Currently, piglets do not have enough opportunities to learn from the sow, and lactation pens and food of sows and piglets could be improved to create possibilities for sow and piglets to eat together and to eat the same food during lactation. Enrichment may be provided both before and after weaning to further stimulate the development of solid food intake.Reducing stress through enrichment and providing a flavour associated with the sow's diet will further ensure an improved performance, health and welfare of newly weaned piglets.
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